>90% of all new therapeutics fail in clinical trials despite promising laboratory data, creating widespread demand for alternative approaches that can better inform on clinical translation
OUR
approach
Comparative Translational Medicine
There is rapidly growing demand for Comparative Translational Medicine, but this field remains largely concentrated within a few dozen US Colleges of Veterinary Medicine. One Medicine Group, LLC provides Arizona's bioscience community a CTM resource, leveraging veterinary medicine and companion animals with naturally occurring diseases shared with humans.
Key Benefits
01: acquisition of real-world clinical data in naturally occurring diseases that are highly comparable to humans
02: provides veterinary patients access to new therapies and procedures
03: expands market opportunities for companies seeking to enter the multi-billion dollar animal health market
CANINE
comparative diseases

Companion dogs naturally develop >100 diseases with molecular, cellular, physiological and clinical homology to humans, co-exist with people and have equivalent exposures. Comparative medicine overcomes the limitations of artificial laboratory models, gaining widespread interest across the research community as a more reliable means of advancing medical innovations.
Comparative medicine has helped to elucidate disease underpinnings that are highly translational to humans, notably in areas such as:
Comparative oncology:
NIH Comparative Oncology Trials Consortium
NCI Integrated Canine Data Commons.
Aging: Dog Aging Project.
Veterinary Clinical Studies and Common Comparative Disease Areas
Veterinary clinical studies are ethically advantageous, avoiding the need to artificially induce diseases while maximizing translational relevance on designing human clinical trials. Veterinary clinical studies are also performed very similar to human studies and may help to reduce the time and cost associated with bringing new therapies to market.
Autoimmune: systemic lupus, pemphigus, myasthenia gravis, and autoimmune anemia.
Cardiovascular: dilative & hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and congestive heart failure.
Dermatology: atopic & allergic dermatitis, skin infections, and trauma.
Gastrointestinal: inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, and hepatopathies.
Infectious Disease: systemic mycosis (coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis), bacterial and viral infections.
Neurological: cognitive dysfunction, muscular dystrophy, epilepsy, degenerative myelopathy, spinal cord injury, and degenerative disc disease.
Oncology: lymphoma, osteosarcoma, melanoma, mammary adenocarcinoma, glioblastoma, squamous cell carcinoma and other neoplastic diseases.
Ophthalmology: keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye), glaucoma, corneal surface diseases, retinal atropy, and cataracts.
Orthopedics: osteoarthritis, meniscal injury, cranial cruciate disease, and osteochondrosis dessicans.
VIDEOS
on comparative medicine
Veterinary medicine has a rich history of advancing human and animal health in parallel, but remains an underutilized approach in translational research. Below are a few videos explaining how veterinary medicine is helping to advance the field of comparative translational medicine.
What veterinarians know that physicians don't.
Barbara Natterson-Horowitz MD: TEDMED Dec 4, 2014
Cancer treatments for dogs could also lead to breakthroughs for humans.
60 Minutes: YouTube: Mar 12, 2023
Unleashing Comparative Oncology: Cancer Moonshot Progress Video Series
National Cancer Institute: Youtube
Biological Parallels Between Companion Animal and Human Pain Disesase
NC State Veterinary Medicine: YouTube Video
ARTICLES
on comparative medicine
Comparative Medicine Articles
- Comparative oncology: overcoming human cancer through companion animal studies. Oh JH, Cho JY. Exp Mol Med. 2023 Apr;55(4):725-734. doi: 10.1038/s12276-023-00977-3. Epub 2023 Apr 3. PMID: 37009802 Free PMC article.
- Comparative oncology today. Paoloni MC, Khanna C. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2007 Nov;37(6):1023-32; v. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.08.003. PMID: 17950880 Free PMC article.
- Comparative oncology: what dogs and other species can teach us about humans with cancer. Schiffman JD, Breen M. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015 Jul 19;370(1673):20140231. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0231. PMID: 26056372 Free PMC article. Review.
- Spontaneously occurring tumors of companion animals as models for human cancer. Vail DM, MacEwen EG. Cancer Invest. 2000;18(8):781-92. doi: 10.3109/07357900009012210. PMID: 11107448 Review.
- The Comparative Oncology Trials Consortium: using spontaneously occurring cancers in dogs to inform the cancer drug development pathway. Gordon I, Paoloni M, Mazcko C, Khanna C. PLoS Med. 2009 Oct;6(10):e1000161. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000161. Epub 2009 Oct 13. PMID: 19823573 Free PMC article.
- Dog-human translational genomics: state of the art and genomic resources. Pallotti S, Piras IS, Marchegiani A, Cerquetella M, Napolioni V. J Appl Genet. 2022 Dec;63(4):703-716. doi: 10.1007/s13353-022-00721-z.
- Canine sarcomas as a surrogate for the human disease. Gustafson DL, Duval DL, Regan DP, Thamm DH. Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Aug;188:80-96. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.01.012. Epub 2018 Mar 9. PMID: 29378221 Free PMC article. Review.
- Translational oncotargets for immunotherapy: From pet dogs to humans. Mestrinho LA, Santos RR. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2021 May;172:296-313. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.020. Epub 2021 Mar 9. PMID: 33705879 Review.
- Dogs as a Model for Cancer. Gardner HL, Fenger JM, London CA. Annu Rev Anim Biosci. 2016;4:199-222. doi: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110911. Epub 2015 Nov 9. PMID: 26566160 Free PMC article.
- Dog models of naturally occurring cancer. Rowell JL, McCarthy DO, Alvarez CE. Trends Mol Med. 2011 Jul;17(7):380-8. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.02.004. Epub 2011 Mar 24. PMID: 21439907 Free PMC article. Review.
- Dogs are man's best friend: in sickness and in health. Bentley RT, Ahmed AU, Yanke AB, Cohen-Gadol AA, Dey M. Neuro Oncol. 2017 Mar 1;19(3):312-322. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/now109. PMID: 27298310
- A model of study for human cancer: Spontaneous occurring tumors in dogs. Biological features and translation for new anticancer therapies. Ranieri G, Gadaleta CD, Patruno R, Zizzo N, Daidone MG, Hansson MG, Paradiso A, Ribatti D. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2013 Oct;88(1):187-97. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.03.005. Epub 2013 Apr 3. PMID: 23561333 Review.
- Strengths and Weaknesses of Pre-Clinical Models for Human Melanoma Treatment: Dawn of Dogs' Revolution for Immunotherapy. Barutello G, Rolih V, Arigoni M, Tarone L, Conti L, Quaglino E, Buracco P, Cavallo F, Riccardo F. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Mar 10;19(3):799. doi: 10.3390/ijms19030799. PMID: 29534457 Free PMC article. Review.
- The role of companion animal models in radiopharmaceutical development and translation. Maitz CA, Bryan JN. Vet Comp Oncol. 2024 Jun;22(2):165-173. doi: 10.1111/vco.12969. Epub 2024 Mar 5. PMID: 38439693 Review.
- Canine comparative oncology for translational radiation research. Boss MK. Int J Radiat Biol. 2022;98(3):496-505. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1987572. Epub 2021 Oct 11. PMID: 34586958 Review.
- Companion canines: an under-utilised model to aid in translating anti-metastatics to the clinic. van der Weyden L, Starkey M, Abu-Helil B, Mutsaers AJ, Wood GA. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2020 Feb;37(1):7-12. doi: 10.1007/s10585-019-10002-5. Epub 2019 Nov 5. PMID: 31691156 Free PMC article.
- Cross talk from pets to people: translational osteosarcoma treatments. Withrow SJ, Wilkins RM. ILAR J. 2010;51(3):208-13. doi: 10.1093/ilar.51.3.208. PMID: 21131721 Review.
- Naturally occurring cancers in dogs: insights for translational genetics and medicine. Alvarez CE. ILAR J. 2014;55(1):16-45. doi: 10.1093/ilar/ilu010. PMID: 24936028 Review.
- Of dogs and men: comparative biology as a tool for the discovery of novel biomarkers and drug development targets in osteosarcoma. Rankin KS, Starkey M, Lunec J, Gerrand CH, Murphy S, Biswas S. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012 Mar;58(3):327-33. doi: 10.1002/pbc.23341. Epub 2011 Oct 11. PMID: 21990244 Review.
- Canine Melanomas as Models for Human Melanomas: Clinical, Histological, and Genetic Comparison. Prouteau A, André C. Genes (Basel). 2019 Jun 30;10(7):501. doi: 10.3390/genes10070501. PMID: 31262050 Free PMC article. Review.
- Microbiome in cancer: A comparative analysis between humans and dogs. Filippo D, Guardone L, Listorti V, Elisabetta R. Vet J. 2024 Jun;305:106145. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106145. Epub 2024 May 22. PMID: 38788999 Free article. Review.
- Canine astrocytic tumors: a comparative review. Stoica G, Levine J, Wolff J, Murphy K. Vet Pathol. 2011 Jan;48(1):266-75. doi: 10.1177/0300985810389543. Epub 2010 Nov 8. PMID: 21059873 Review.
- Translational animal models using veterinary patients - An example of canine osteoarthritis (OA). Vainio O. Scand J Pain. 2012 Apr 1;3(2):84-89. doi: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2011.11.007. PMID: 29913782 Free article.
- What can we learn from osteoarthritis pain in companion animals? Cimino Brown D. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017 Sep-Oct;35 Suppl 107(5):53-58. Epub 2017 Sep 29. PMID: 28967360 Free article.
- The Pathobiology of the Meniscus: A Comparison Between the Human and Dog. Krupkova O, Smolders L, Wuertz-Kozak K, Cook J, Pozzi A. Front Vet Sci. 2018 Apr 16;5:73. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00073. eCollection 2018. PMID: 29713636 Free PMC article. Review.
- Spontaneous painful disease in companion animals can facilitate the development of chronic pain therapies for humans. Lascelles BDX, Brown DC, Maixner W, Mogil JS. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2018 Feb;26(2):175-183. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.11.011. Epub 2017 Nov 24. PMID: 29180098 Free article. Review.
- Gut Microbiome and Osteoarthritis: Insights From the Naturally Occurring Canine Model of Osteoarthritis. Stevens C, Norris S, Arbeeva L, Carter S, Enomoto M, Nelson AE, Lascelles BDX. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2024 Dec;76(12):1758-1763. doi: 10.1002/art.42956. Epub 2024 Aug 9. PMID: 39030898 Free PMC article.
- An eye on the dog as the scientist's best friend for translational research in ophthalmology: Focus on the ocular surface. Sebbag L, Mochel JP. Med Res Rev. 2020 Nov;40(6):2566-2604. doi: 10.1002/med.21716. Epub 2020 Jul 31. PMID: 32735080 Review.
- Establishment of a Beagle Dog Model of Dry Eye Disease. Li ZZ, Zou YP, Zhu H, Zeng WZ, Ding Y, Su JZ, Yu GY. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2023 Jan 3;12(1):2. doi: 10.1167/tvst.12.1.2. PMID: 36595279 Free PMC article.
- A canine model of human aging and Alzheimer's disease. Head E. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Sep;1832(9):1384-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.03.016. Epub 2013 Mar 23. PMID: 23528711 Free PMC article. Review.
- The companion dog as a model for human aging and mortality. Hoffman JM, Creevy KE, Franks A, O'Neill DG, Promislow DEL. Aging Cell. 2018 Jun;17(3):e12737. doi: 10.1111/acel.12737. Epub 2018 Feb 19. PMID: 29457329 Free PMC article.
- Dog Models of Aging. Ruple A, MacLean E, Snyder-Mackler N, Creevy KE, Promislow D. Annu Rev Anim Biosci. 2022 Feb 15;10:419-439. doi: 10.1146/annurev-animal-051021-080937. Epub 2021 Oct 26.
- The dog aging project: translational geroscience in companion animals. Kaeberlein M, Creevy KE, Promislow DE. Mamm Genome. 2016 Aug;27(7-8):279-88. doi: 10.1007/s00335-016-9638-7. Epub 2016 May 3. PMID: 27143112 Free PMC article. Review.
- Naturally occurring spinal hyperostosis in dogs as a model for human spinal disorders. Kranenburg HJ, Hazewinkel HA, Meij BP. ILAR J. 2014;55(1):150-63. doi: 10.1093/ilar/ilu012. PMID: 24936035 Review.
- The golden retriever model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Kornegay JN. Skelet Muscle. 2017 May 19;7(1):9. doi: 10.1186/s13395-017-0124-z. PMID: 28526070 Free PMC article. Review.
- Translational veterinary epilepsy: A win-win situation for human and veterinary neurology. Charalambous M, Fischer A, Potschka H, Walker MC, Raedt R, Vonck K, Boon P, Lohi H, Löscher W, Worrell G, Leeb T, McEvoy A, Striano P, Kluger G, Galanopoulou AS, Volk HA, Bhatti SFM. Vet J. 2023 Mar;293:105956. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105956. Epub 2023 Feb 13. PMID: 36791876 Free article.
- Naturally occurring disk herniation in dogs: an opportunity for pre-clinical spinal cord injury research.
- Levine JM, Levine GJ, Porter BF, Topp K, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. J Neurotrauma. 2011 Apr;28(4):675-88. doi: 10.1089/neu.2010.1645. Epub 2011 Mar 25. PMID: 21438715 Free PMC article. Review.
- The dog (Canis familiaris) as a translational model of autism: It is high time we move from promise to reality. Topál J, Román V, Turcsán B. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci. 2019 Jul;10(4):e1495. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1495.
Inherited cardiomyopathies in veterinary medicine. Stern JA, Ueda Y. Pflugers Arch. 2019 May;471(5):745-753. doi: 10.1007/s00424-018-2209-x. Epub 2018 Oct 3. PMID: 30284024 Review.